Numerous researchers believe that fibromyalgia patients' brains and spinal cords change in response to repetitive nerve stimulation. An abnormal increase in levels of specific pain-signaling compounds in the brain characterizes this change.

Additionally, it appears that the pain receptors in the brain become sensitized, or capable of overreacting to both painful and nonpainful signals, and develop a type of memory of the pain.

There are probably numerous contributing factors to these alterations, which may include:

• The genetic component. Due to the hereditary nature of fibromyalgia, specific genetic mutations might increase your risk of developing the condition.
• Infections. Certain conditions seem to induce or worsen fibromyalgia.
• Physical or emotional events. Fibromyalgia may occasionally be precipitated by a physical incident, such as an automobile collision. Additionally, chronic psychological tension may precipitate the condition.

The principal manifestations of fibromyalgia include:

• A widespread discomfort. Fibromyalgia-related pain is frequently characterized as a persistent, vague aching that has persisted for a minimum of three months. For pain to be classified as extensive, it must manifest above and below the midsection, as well as on both sides of the body.
• Weakness and fatigue. Those afflicted with fibromyalgia frequently arise feeling exhausted, despite having reported dozing for extended durations. Many patients with fibromyalgia also suffer from sleep disorders, including restless legs syndrome and sleep apnea, as pain frequently disrupts sleep.
• Cognitive challenges. One manifestation often called "fibro fog" hinders the capacity to concentrate, pay attention, and focus on cognitive endeavors.

Fibromyalgia often co-exists with other conditions, such as:

• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Chronic fatigue syndrome
• Migraine and other types of headaches
• Interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome
• Temporomandibular joint disorders
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Postural tachycardia syndrome

Functional capacity may be compromised at work or in one's personal life due to the pain, fatigue, and compromised sleep quality that are hallmarks of fibromyalgia. Managing a frequently misconstrued condition can lead to feelings of frustration, which in turn may contribute to the development of depression and health-related anxiety.

In general, fibromyalgia treatment includes both medication and self-help strategies. The focus is on minimizing symptoms and improving overall health. No single treatment works for all symptoms, but trying different treatment strategies can have a cumulative effect.

Medication therapy may include painkillers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, etc.

Physical therapy. A physical therapist can teach you exercises that improve muscle strength, flexibility, and endurance. Water exercises can be especially helpful.

In addition, fibromyalgia can be treated without medication using the method of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

If fibromyalgia is associated with other mental disorders, you should consult a psychotherapist or psychiatrist.